How to remove endotoxins?

2025-11-20

How to remove endotoxins?




Endotoxins primarily originate from the outer membrane of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria.
This is the outermost protective layer of the bacteria in the image, which we call the cell wall.
The cell wall, like human skin, mainly serves a protective function.

If you examine the cell wall surface under magnification, its structure can be seen in the image.

When these bacteria grow, lyse, die, or their cell walls slough off naturally, endotoxins are released into the environment (such as water, culture medium, and drugs).

The core component of endotoxin is lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which has three structural parts:
Lipid A
Core polysaccharide
O-antigen





Of the three main regions mentioned above, the "Lipid A and core polysaccharide" regions carry a negative charge.

Therefore, through the principle of electrostatic adsorption, materials with positively charged groups can bind to the negatively charged regions of LPS, thereby achieving the effect of removing endotoxins.

Lipid A: Structurally contains phosphate groups (–PO₄²⁻), which give the entire molecule a strong negative charge.
Core polysaccharide: Contains acidic sugars (such as KDO, heptose) and carboxyl groups (–COO⁻), further increasing the negative charge.


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